ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The preoperative nutritional state has prognostic postoperative value. Tomographic density and area of psoas muscle are validated tools for assessing nutritional status. There are few reports assessing the utility of staging tomography in gastric cancer patients in this field. AIMS: This study aimed to determine the influence of sarcopenia, measured by a preoperative staging computed tomography scan, on postoperative morbimortality and long-term survival in patients operated on for gastric cancer with curative intent. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from 2007 to 2013. The definition of radiological sarcopenia was by measurement of cross-sectional area and density of psoas muscle at the L3 (third lumbar vertebra) level in an axial cut of an abdominopelvic computed tomography scan (in the selection without intravascular contrast media). The software used was OsirixX version 10.0.2, with the tool “propagate segmentation”, and all muscle seen in the image was manually adjusted. RESULTS: We included 70 patients, 77% men, with a mean cross-sectional in L3 of 16.6 cm2 (standard deviation+6.1) and mean density of psoas muscle in L3 of 36.1 mean muscle density (standard deviation+7.1). Advanced cancers were 86, 28.6% had signet-ring cells, 78.6% required a total gastrectomy, postoperative surgical morbidity and mortality were 22.8 and 2.8%, respectively, and overall 5-year long-term survival was 57.1%. In the multivariate analysis, cross-sectional area failed to predict surgical morbidity (p=0.4) and 5-year long-term survival (p=0.34), while density of psoas muscle was able to predict anastomotic fistulas (p=0.009; OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.76–0.96) and 5-year long-term survival (p=0.04; OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.04–8.15). CONCLUSIONS: Tomographic diagnosis of sarcopenia from density of psoas muscle can predict anastomotic fistulas and long-term survival in gastric cancer patients treated with curative intent.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O estado nutricional pré-operatório tem valor prognóstico pós-operatório. A densidade tomográfica e a área do músculo psoas é uma ferramenta validada para o estado nutricional. Existem poucos estudos avaliando a utilidade da tomografia de estadiamento em pacientes com câncer gástrico neste campo. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a influência da sarcopenia, medida por tomografia computadorizada de estadiamento pré-operatório, na morbimortalidade pós-operatória e sobrevida em longo prazo em pacientes operados de câncer gástrico com intenção curativa. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 2007 a 2013. A definição de sarcopenia radiológica foi pela medida da área (PA) e densidade do músculo psoas (PD) a nível de L3 (Terceira vertebra lombar), em um corte axial de tomografia computadorizada abdominopélvica (na seleção sem meio de contraste intravascular). O Software utilizado foi o OsirixX v 10.0.2, com a ferramenta “propagar segmentação”, ajustando manualmente todos os músculos vistos na imagem. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 70 pacientes, 77% homens, PA média em L3: 16,6 cm2 (desvio padrão+6,1), PD média em L3: 36,1 mean muscle density (desvio padrão+7,1). Os cânceres avançados foram de 86, 28,6% tinham células em anel de sinete, 78,6% necessitaram de gastrectomia total, a morbidade e mortalidade cirúrgica pós-operatória foi de 22,8 e 2,8%, respectivamente, a sobrevida global de 5 anos a longo prazo (SV5) foi de 57,1%. Na análise multivariada, PA falhou em prever morbidade cirúrgica (p=0,4) e sobrevida global de 5 anos (p=0,34), enquanto PD foi capaz de prever fístulas anastomóticas (p=0,009; OR 0,86; IC95% 0,76–0,96) e SV5 (p=0,04; OR 2,9; IC95% 1,04–8,15). CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico tomográfico de sarcopenia por desvio padrão é capaz de predizer fístulas anastomóticas e sobrevida a longo prazo em pacientes com câncer gástrico tratados com intenção curativa.

Resumo: o contrato de venda, pelo seu conteúdo e abrangência, determina a responsabilidade civil contratual nos casos de práticas indevidas e/ou cláusulas abusivas que possam comprometer as obrigações contratuais pactuadas, como as custas de escritura e securitização, data e assinatura do contrato, data de entrega, alterações de materiais, cartório, garantias e prazos. Os contratos de compra de casa estão contemplados no Estatuto do Consumidor (Lei 1.480, de 2011), que regulamenta os deveres e obrigações do comprador e do vendedor, e no Decreto 735 de 2013, que trata da eficácia da garantia imobiliária. Posteriormente, na Lei 1.796 de 2016, foram estabelecidas as medidas de proteção ao comprador de casa própria. Essas legislações são complementadas pelo que está estabelecido no Código Civil colombiano sobre contratos, promessa de venda e negócios jurídicos para a aquisição de habitação. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo responder as seguintes perguntas: Como é atribuído o equilíbrio jurídico entre comprador e vendedor durante o processo de negociação e compra de novas casas na Colômbia? Que cláusulas abusivas foram determinadas nos contratos de venda de habitação nova? Quais são as sanções legais para a inclusão de cláusulas abusivas no contrato de venda?

Abstract: the sales contract, due to its content and its scope, determines the contractual civil liability in cases of improper practices and/or abusive clauses or unfair terms that may compromise the agreed contractual obligations, such as the costs of deed and securitization, date and signing of the contract, delivery date, changes in materials, notary, guarantees and deadlines. Home purchase contracts are contemplated in the Consumer Statute (Law 1480, 2011), which regulates the duties and obligations of the buyer and the seller, and in Decree 735 of 2013, which deals with the effectiveness of the real estate guarantee. Subsequently, in Law 1796 of 2016, the protection measures for the home buyer were established. These legislations are complemented by the provisions established in the Colombian Civil Code on contracts, the promise to sell agreement and the legal business for the acquisition of housing. This research aims to answer the following questions: how is the legal balance between buyer and seller attributed during the process of negotiation and purchase of new housing in Colombia? What abusive clauses have been determined in the contracts for the sale of new housing? and, What are the legal sanctions for the inclusion of abusive clauses in the sales contract?

Resumen: el contrato de compraventa, por su contenido y sus alcances, determina la responsabilidad civil contractual en casos de prácticas indebidas y/o cláusulas abusivas que pueden llegar a transigir las obligaciones contractuales acordadas, como los costos de escrituración y titularización, fecha y firma del contrato, fecha de entrega, cambios en materiales, notaría, garantías y plazos. Los contratos de compraventa de vivienda están contemplados en el Estatuto del Consumidor (Ley 1480, 2011), el cual reglamenta los deberes y obligaciones del comprador y el vendedor, y en el Decreto 735 de 2013, el cual trata sobre la efectividad de la garantía inmobiliaria. Posteriormente, en la Ley 1796 de 2016 se establecieron las medidas de protección del comprador de vivienda. Estas legislaciones se complementan con lo establecido en el Código Civil Colombiano sobre los contratos, la promesa de compraventa y el negocio jurídico para la adquisición de vivienda. La presente investigación pretende responder a los siguientes interrogantes: ¿cómo se atribuye el equilibrio jurídico entre comprador y vendedor durante el proceso de negociación y compra de vivienda nueva en Colombia?, ¿qué cláusulas abusivas se han determinado en los contratos de compraventa de vivienda nueva?, y ¿cuáles son las sanciones legales por la inclusión de cláusulas abusivas en el contrato de compraventa?

Resumen El hígado es el órgano solido más comúnmente lesionado en casos de trauma abdominal. El manejo del trauma penetrante hepático es un dilema para los cirujanos. Sin embargo, con la introducción del concepto de la cirugía de control de daños y los avances tecnológicos en imagenología y técnicas endovasculares han permitido que el enfoque del tratamiento cambie. La disponibilidad inmediata de la tomografía computarizada permite estadificar el grado de la lesión e incrementar la posibilidad de un manejo conservador en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con trauma hepático. El trauma hepático severo que se asocia con inestabilidad hemodinámica tiene una alta mortalidad debido a la hemorragia activa. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un algoritmo de manejo producto de un consenso de expertos acerca del abordaje de los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con trauma hepático penetrante. El manejo debe ser por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario que comienza desde la evaluación inicial de los pacientes, la activación temprana de protocolo de transfusión masiva y el control temprano de la hemorragia, siendo estos aspectos esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad. El miedo a lo desconocido es el dilema quirúrgico donde existen pocas opciones y es imperante decisiones rápidas y oportunas; por esta razón, se propone dar una luz de guía sobre lo desconocido respecto al manejo del paciente con trauma hepático severo.

Abstract The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. Management of penetrating liver trauma is a challenge for surgeons but with the introduction of the concept of damage control surgery accompanied by significant technological advancements in radiologic imaging and endovascular techniques, the focus on treatment has changed significantly. The use of immediately accessible computed tomography as an integral tool for trauma evaluations for the precise staging of liver trauma has significantly increased the incidence of conservative non-operative management in hemodynamically stable trauma victims with liver injuries. However, complex liver injuries accompanied by hemodynamic instability are still associated with high mortality rates due to ongoing hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to perform an extensive review of the literature and to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury, via an expert consensus. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients. To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver.

Resumen El choque hemorrágico y sus complicaciones son la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes con trauma. La resucitación en control de daños ha demostrado una disminución en la mortalidad y mejoría en el manejo del paciente. La resucitación hemostática consiste en la recuperación del volumen con hemoderivados como glóbulos rojos, plasma, crioprecipitado y plaquetas, en proporciones de 1:1:1:1. Sin embargo, esta demanda de hemo componentes podría no aplicarse para toda Latinoamérica u otros países de medianos y bajos ingresos. Las principales barreras para la implementación de esta estrategia serían la escasa disponibilidad de bancos de sangre y de hemoderivados insuficientes para contar con un protocolo de transfusión masiva. Una propuesta para superar estas barreras es el uso de sangre total fresca fría para la resucitación hemostática de los pacientes exsanguinados. Ecuador ha sido pionero en la implementación de esta estrategia con una experiencia ya de seis años, en que han demostrado que la sangre total tiene ventajas sobre la terapia de hemo componentes incluyendo, pero no limitando, la trasfusión de sangre con una razón fisiológica de componentes, fácil transporte y transfusión, menor volumen de anticoagulantes y aditivos trasfundidos al paciente, y menor exposición a donantes. La sangre total es una herramienta con un potencial reemergente que puede ser implementado en centros de trauma civil con óptimos resultados y menor demanda técnica.

Abstract Hemorrhagic shock and its complications are a major cause of death among trauma patients. The management of hemorrhagic shock using a damage control resuscitation strategy has been shown to decrease mortality and improve patient outcomes. One of the components of damage control resuscitation is hemostatic resuscitation, which involves the replacement of lost blood volume with components such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. However, this is a strategy that is not applicable in many parts of Latin America and other low-and-middle-income countries throughout the world, where there is a lack of well-equipped blood banks and an insufficient availability of blood products. To overcome these barriers, we propose the use of cold fresh whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation in exsanguinating patients. Over 6 years of experience in Ecuador has shown that resuscitation with cold fresh whole blood has similar outcomes and a similar safety profile compared to resuscitation with hemocomponents. Whole blood confers many advantages over component therapy including, but not limited to the transfusion of blood with a physiologic ratio of components, ease of transport and transfusion, less volume of anticoagulants and additives transfused to the patient, and exposure to fewer donors. Whole blood is a tool with reemerging potential that can be implemented in civilian trauma centers with optimal results and less technical demand.

Resumen La hemorragia no compresible del torso es una de las principales causas de muerte prevenibles alrededor del mundo. Una evaluación eficiente y apropiada del paciente traumatizado con hemorragia activa es la esencia para evitar el desarrollo del rombo de la muerte (hipotermia, coagulopatía, hipocalcemia y acidosis). Actualmente, las estrategias de manejo inicial incluyen hipotensión permisiva, resucitación hemostática y cirugía de control de daños. Sin embargo, los recientes avances tecnológicos han abierto las puertas a una amplia variedad de técnicas endovasculares que logran esos objetivos con una morbilidad mínima y un acceso limitado. Un ejemplo de estos avances ha sido la introducción del balón de resucitación de oclusión aortica; REBOA ( Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta , por sus sigla en inglés ), el cual, ha tenido gran provecho entre los cirujanos de trauma alrededor del mundo debido a su potencial y versatilidad en áreas como trauma, ginecología y obstetricia, y gastroenterología. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la experiencia lograda en el uso del REBOA en pacientes con hemorragia no compresible del torso. Nuestros resultados muestran que el REBOA puede usarse como un nuevo actor en la resucitación de control de daños del paciente con trauma severo, para este fin, nosotros proponemos dos nuevos algoritmos para el manejo de pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables: uno para trauma cerrado y otro para trauma penetrante. Se reconoce que el REBOA tiene sus limitaciones, las cuales incluye un periodo de aprendizaje, su costo inherente y la disponibilidad. A pesar de esto, para lograr los mejores resultados con esta nueva tecnología, el REBOA debe ser usado en el momento correcto, por el cirujano correcto con el entrenamiento y el paciente correcto.

Abstract Noncompressible torso hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. An efficient and appropriate evaluation of the trauma patient with ongoing hemorrhage is essential to avoid the development of the lethal diamond (hypothermia, coagulopathy, hypocalcemia, and acidosis). Currently, the initial management strategies include permissive hypotension, hemostatic resuscitation, and damage control surgery. However, recent advances in technology have opened the doors to a wide variety of endovascular techniques that achieve these goals with minimal morbidity and limited access. An example of such advances has been the introduction of the Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA), which has received great interest among trauma surgeons around the world due to its potential and versatility in areas such as trauma, gynecology & obstetrics and gastroenterology. This article aims to describe the experience earned in the use of REBOA in noncompressible torso hemorrhage patients. Our results show that REBOA can be used as a new component in the damage control resuscitation of the severely injured trauma patient. To this end, we propose two new deployment algorithms for hemodynamically unstable noncompressible torso hemorrhage patients: one for blunt and another for penetrating trauma. We acknowledge that REBOA has its limitations, which include a steep learning curve, its inherent cost and availability. Although to reach the best outcomes with this new technology, it must be used in the right way, by the right surgeon with the right training and to the right patient.

ABSTRACT The zoning generates better decision elements for the management of crops and leads to a rationalization in the use of the resources of any territory. Therefore, the objective of this work was to define the ideal areas for the cultivation of tomatoes from the agroeco-logical point of view in the state of Carabobo, Venezuela. Daily rainfall data were used from 41 climatic stations, edaphological charts of the entity and computer programs for the water balance of the crop to estimate potential yields according to the sowing date. The analysis of the climatic and edaphic conditions of the agricultural lands of the state, indicates that there are 348 km 2 of suitable soils for tomato cultivation, the lands are located in zones of lacustrine plain, valleys, hills and mountains with soils of frank texture and moderately drained, being able to reach values of 100% of the harvest yield.

RESUMEN La zonificación genera mejores elementos de decisión para el manejo de los cultivos y conduce a una racionalización del uso de recursos de cualquier territorio. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue definir las áreas idóneas para el cultivo del tomate desde el punto de vista agroecológico, en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Se utilizaron datos diarios de precipitación de 41 estaciones climáticas, cartas edafológicas de la entidad y programas de cómputo para los balances hídricos del cultivo para estimar los rendimientos potenciales de acuerdo con la fecha de siembra. El análisis de las condiciones climáticas y edáficas de las tierras agrícolas del estado indica que se tienen 348 km2 de suelos apropiados para el cultivo de tomate, las tierras se ubican en zonas de llanura lacustrina, valles, colinas y montañas con suelos de textura franca y moderadamente drenados, pudiendo alcanzar valores del 100% de rendimiento en cosecha.

RESUMO Racional: A cirurgia laparoscópica tem sido gradualmente aceita como opção para o tratamento cirúrgico do câncer gástrico. Ainda existem pontos controversos ou situações eventualmente associadas a dificuldades intra-operatórias ou complicações pós-operatórias. Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre as dificuldades durante a execução da gastrectomia total e a ocorrência de eventuais complicações pós-operatórias. Método: Foram revisados os protocolos operatórios e a evolução pós-operatória de 74 pacientes operados por câncer gástrico, submetidos à gastrectomia total laparoscópica (critérios de inclusão). Foram analisadas as dificuldades intraoperatórias registradas no protocolo operatório e as complicações pós-operatórias de natureza cirúrgica (critérios de inclusão). As complicações médicas pós-operatórias foram excluídas (critérios de exclusão). Para a discussão, foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: Dificuldades ou complicações intraoperatórias relatadas corresponderam a 33/74 e destas 18 (54,5%) foram relacionadas com complicações pós-operatórias e seis absolutamente inesperadas. As mais frequentes foram vazamentos da anastomose e do coto duodenal; no entretanto, outras complicações raras foram observadas. Sete foram tratados com medidas conservadoras e 17 (22,9%) necessitaram de re-exploração cirúrgica, com mortalidade pós-operatória de dois pacientes (2,7%). Conclusão: Aprendemos que existem complicações infrequentes e inesperadas; a equipe de tratamento deve estar atenta e diante da suspeita de complicação, decisão apropriada pode incluir uma nova exploração precoce. Finalmente, após a experiência relatada, algumas complicações devem ser evitadas.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic surgery has been gradually accepted as an option for the surgical treatment ofgastric cancer. There are still points that are controversial or situations that are eventually associated with intra-operative difficulties or postoperative complications. Aim: To establish the relationship between the difficulties during the execution of total gastrectomy and the occurrence of eventual postoperative complications. Method: The operative protocols and postoperative evolution of 74 patients operated for gastriccancer, who were subjected to laparoscopic total gastrectomy (inclusion criteria) were reviewed. The intraoperative difficulties recorded in the operative protocol and postoperative complications of a surgical nature wereanalyzed (inclusion criteria). Postoperative medical complications were excluded (exclusion criteria). For the discussion, an extensive bibliographical review was carried out. Results: Intra-operative difficulties or complications reported correspond to 33/74 and of these; 18 events (54.5%) were related to postoperative complications and six were absolutely unexpected. The more frequent were leaks of the anastomosis and leaks of the duodenal stump; however, other rare complications were observed. Seven were managed with conservative measures and 17 (22.9%) required surgical re-exploration, with a postoperative mortality of two patients (2.7%). Conclusion: We have learned that there are infrequent and unexpected complications; the treating team must be mindful of and, in front of suspicion of complications, anappropriate decision must be done which includes early re-exploration. Finally, after the experience reported, some complications should be avoided.

The zoning represents a tool that allows to manage the territory through the sustained use of resources. Therefore, the objective of this research was to define the climatic zones suitable for the cultivation of corn in the state of Carabobo, Venezuela, contributing to the sustainability of the agricultural production of this entity. This research was carried out considering three aspects: the soil and climate conditions of the area, relief types and crop water requirements, which showed soil moisture behavior, according to the crop water balance. These three aspects were analyzed separately and then integrated to determine the spatial zoning of corn at optimal sowing dates. The results establish an area of 590 km2

La zonificación representa una herramienta que permite gestionar el territorio mediante el uso sostenido de los recursos, es por ello que el objetivo de esta investigación fue definir las zonas climáticas aptas para el cultivo de maíz en el estado Carabobo, Venezuela, y de esta manera coadyuvar a la sostenibilidad de la producción agrícola de esta entidad. El estudio fue realizado considerando tres aspectos: las condiciones de suelo y clima de la zona, los tipos de relieve y los requerimientos hídricos de los cultivos, que aproximaron el comportamiento de la humedad en los suelos, de acuerdo con los balances hídricos del cultivo. Estos tres aspectos se analizaron separadamente y luego se integraron para determinar la zonificación espacial del maíz a partir de fechas óptimas de siembra. Los resultados establecen una superficie de 590 km2

Recently, the agricultural zones of Carabobo present problems with the water available for crops influenced by the fluctuation between Precipitation and Potential Evapotranspiration. It is for this reason that the need arises to analyze the climatic types according to the degree of humidity. The Climatic Hydrological Balance methodology was used for 25 rainfall stations in Carabobo, Venezuela, for a period of common registration (1969 - 1999). The results show that four regions were found where humidity behaves differently, the greatest excesses are to the south of the state and it was found that the climatological stations located north of Carabobo have a greater annual deficit. The most relevant agricultural areas are represented by a water index of (-2.16 to -18.96); which determines a dry sub-humid climate with annual rainfall ranging between 921 mm and 1063 mm. This study generated vital information in those agricultural areas that require additional irrigation or controls with structural drainage works that prevent certain crops sensitive to excess water from being damaged.

This paper presents the main results of a study carried out in order to assess the current state of policies and strategies used by editorial boards of Latin American scientific journals, to promote use and reuse of open access scientific production, as well as to identify publishers and authors' perceptions and attitudes regarding these policies and strategies. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out on data obtained from 516 journals and questionnaires applied to 400 publishers and 101 authors. Although most of the journals are free and considered as open access by their publishers, actually, in many cases they have established restrictive copyright policies or lack explicit information on terms and conditions of use and publishing of their articles. Institutional and editorial strategies to promote open access are scarce and have little visibility among authors. Sustainable funding and lack of familiarity with open access model are among the most important barriers for Latin America push these initiatives forward. Latin America needs a better and larger alignment and coherence of institutional and editorial policies with principles and strategies that promote open access, as well as further training for editors and authors.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados más relevantes de un diagnóstico sobre el estado de las políticas y estrategias de los comités editoriales de las revistas científicas latinoamericanas para favorecer el uso y reúso en acceso abierto de la producción científica que publican, así como sobre las percepciones y actitudes de editores y autores con relación a estas políticas y estrategias. Se realizó análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo a los datos obtenidos de 516 revistas y de 400 cuestionarios de editores y 101 de autores. La mayoría de las revistas son gratuitas y consideradas de acceso abierto por sus editores, pero en muchos casos disponen de políticas de derecho de autor restrictivas o carecen de información explícita sobre las condiciones de uso de los artículos. Las estrategias institucionales y editoriales para promover el modelo son escasas y tienen poca visibilidad entre los autores. El financiamiento sostenible y la falta de familiarización con el modelo de acceso abierto están entre las barreras más importantes para que América Latina lleve adelante estas iniciativas. La región de América Latina necesita mayor y mejor alineación y coherencia de las políticas institucionales y editoriales con los principios y estrategias que favorecen el acceso abierto, así como mayor preparación de editores y autores.

Based on the formal communication channels of information disciplines in Cuba, a terminological study was conducted of the titles used for professional production from 1905 to 2008, which, taken together, shed light on their epistemic field and revealed the lines of discipline development they have followed, identifying moments of gestation, evolution or crisis, and consolidation. Elements of descriptive statistics and the use of time series provided the terminological study with a theoretical-historical approach, allowing to examine the phenomenon contextually and as a whole, regardless of the attempts at homogenization typical of historical periodizations. The conclusion of the study is a proposal of historical periodization reflecting the evolution of disciplines as well as their terminological production by term category and discipline line.

Sobre la base de los canales formales de comunicación de las disciplinas informativas en Cuba se realizó un estudio terminológico de los títulos de la producción profesional desde 1905 hasta 2008, que en su conjunto esclarecieron su campo epistémico y evidenciaron líneas de desarrollo disciplinar por las cuales estas han transcurrido, a la vez que marcaron momentos de gestación, evolución o crisis y consolidación. El estudio terminológico basado en elementos de la estadística descriptiva y el empleo de las series temporales se vinculó con la investigación teórico-histórica, que permitió contextualmente estudiar el fenómeno como un todo, independientemente de los intentos de homogeneización que brinda cualquier propuesta de periodización histórica. Se arribó como conclusión a una propuesta de periodización histórica que permitió establecer el devenir de las disciplinas, así como la productividad terminológica por categorías de términos y líneas disciplinares.

The current paper is a brief approximation to Bibliometrics as approach for the identification of paradigms in knowledge domains. It is analyzed the use of Bibliometrics for the study of cognoscitive and social structure of Science, as well as its intellectual history during the last 45 years. The article deals with perspectives based on citation analysis, and particularly processes of co-citation clustering, for the identification of research fronts and emergent paradigms. It is recognized two antagonic visions related to the use of citation analysis as technique for research evaluation: the constructivist critic and the normative theory. It is assumed the normative theory to identify the potential utility of Bibliometrics as approach, tool or method for the analysis of a knowledge domain. It is enunciated the importance of its integration to historical and epistemological approaches for the identification of paradigmatic transformations in the scientific activity.

El presente trabajo es un breve acercamiento a la bibliometría como enfoque para la identificación de paradigmas en dominios de conocimiento. Se analizan los resultados de la aplicación directa de la bibliometría durante los últimos 45 años para estudiar la estructura cognoscitiva y social de la ciencia, así como contribuir a su historia intelectual. Se aborda la perspectiva del análisis de citas, y en particular los procesos de agrupación de co-citaciones, para la identificación de frentes de investigación y paradigmas emergentes. Se reconocen las dos visiones antagónicas en torno al uso del análisis de citación como técnica para el examen de la investigación científica: la crítica constructivista y la teoría normativa. Se asume la teoría normativa para reconocer el potencial de la bibliometría como enfoque, herramienta o método para el análisis de un dominio de conocimiento. Se enuncia la importancia de su integración con los enfoques histórico y epistemológico para la identificación de transformaciones paradigmáticas en la actividad científica.

Considerando o princípio da garantia literária, formulado por Hulme em 1911, para quem os termos de um sistema de classificação devem derivar antes da literatura a ser efetivamente classificada (o que se encontra documentado) do que de considerações puramente teóricas (classificações científicas ou filosóficas ou em uma suposta autoridade dos primeiros classificacionistas), observa-se uma ruptura com as concepções de Harris e de Dewey que, por sua vez, haviam se baseado em Bacon e Leibnitz. Deste modo, busca-se contribuir para uma síntese crítica do referido princípio como subsídio teórico aos estudos de organização do conhecimento. Para tanto, estuda-se a vigência deste princípio ao longo de um século por meio de distintos dados documentais (registro em dicionários, recuperação no Google etc.), reconhecendo-o enquanto elemento metodológico em sistemas de classificação e em padrões de registro. Nesse âmbito discutem-se os procedimentos top-down ou bottom-up de desenho de sistemas e se resenham três aplicações tradicionais da garantia literária, sugerindo-se três novas aplicações, em virtude de seu potencial metodológico. Tais aspectos levam a concluir pela crescente perspectiva de aplicação da garantia literária dentro e fora do campo da Ciência da Informação.

This study contributes to a critical synthesis of the principle of literary warrant, initially formulated by Hulme in 1911. Hulme proposed that the terms of a classification system should be derived from the literature to be classified, rather than based on purely theoretical considerations. Founding literary warrant on literature which is actually documented rather than on scientific or philosophical classifications or on the supposed authority of the first classificationists implied a clear departure from the conceptions of Harris and Dewey, who had used the classifications of Bacon and Leibniz as models. The validity of this principle over the past century is studied by means of diverse documental data (entries in dictionaries, retrieval by Google, etc.), as it is recognized as a main methodological element for classification standards and systems. This study also discusses the situation with respect to the top-down or bottom-up methodologies of system design. Three traditional applications of literary warrant are described as well as three new applications are suggested, in light of its methodological potential. It is possible to conclude that this principle will find increasing applications in other contexts, within and beyond Information Science.

Technological development has had a direct impact on copyright legislation, that in the last few years it is being modified at national and international levels. Generally speaking, these legal reforms have been more focused on copyright holders than on users interests, included libraries and similar institutions, what entails a breach of needed balance between the interests of both stakeholders. Exceptions and limitations to the rights, including the “library privileges”, constitute the tool of copyright laws to get that balance. The objective of the present study is to analyze the current situation of copyright exceptions and limitations in order to discuss under what conditions should be maintained, expanded and modified, having regard to the changes caused by the development of information and communications technologies

El desarrollo tecnológico ha afectado de forma directa a las normas sobre derecho de autor, que en los últimos años está siendo modificada tanto nacional como internacionalmente. En términos generales, estas reformas legales se han centrado más en los intereses de los propietarios de los derechos que en los de los usuarios, incluidos entre ellos, las bibliotecas y otras instituciones similares, lo que supone una ruptura del equilibrio necesario entre los intereses de ambos sectores. El instrumento que posee las leyes de derecho de autor, para conseguir dicho equilibrio, son las excepciones y limitaciones a los derechos, entre los que se encuentran los denominados “privilegios de las bibliotecas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar en qué situación se encuentran en la actualidad estas excepciones y limitaciones a los derechos de autor, para ver en qué condiciones deben mantenerse, ampliarse y modificarse a la luz de los cambios producidos por el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación.

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymatous tumors of the digestive tract. The pathological diagnosis is based on microscopy and immunohistochemistiy. Aim: To review the experience of our surgical unit in patients with GIST Material and methods: Review of medical records of 15 patients (aged 66+13 years, 11 women), with a pathological diagnosis of GIST, treated between 1999 and 2005. Results: The main presenting symptoms were melena in 40%, hematemesis in 20%, abdominal pain in 60% and anemia in 13%. In only one patient, the tumor appeared as an incidentaloma. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy A CAT scan was done in 87%, a barium swallow in 60% and a digestive endosonography in 20%. Thirteen tumors were located in the stomach and two in the small bowel. Mean tumor diameter was 5.3+1.7 cm. Surgical management was a tumor resection in 40%, a partial gastrectomy in 27%, a total gastrectomy in 20% and an intestinal excision in the rest. Mean hospital stay was 6.9+4.2 days. No postoperative complications were recorded. Conclusions: The main clinical presentation of GIST in this retrospective series was an upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Surgical treatment was devoid of complications